Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- the_complete_and_consistent_data_base_coco_for_the_national_scale [2020/03/31 08:08] – [COCO2: Final completions] matsz
+++ the_complete_and_consistent_data_base_coco_for_the_national_scale [2020/04/07 09:13] – [COCO1: Overlay from various sources] matsz
@@ Line 315: / Line 315: @@
 //Fuel prices and taxes//
-For a specification of processing-, biofuel supply- and demand-functions in the base year, ex post prices are required. Furthermore, given the structure of the CAPRI market module (described in Section [[Market module for agricultural outputs]] ), a differentiation of producer, consumer and import price is also needed. These differentiated prices are not covered in any statistical database for biofuels but they can be derived indirectly by given information on taxes, tariffs and subsidies from the world market price which is available. Thus beside ex post prices information on consumer (excise) taxes, import tariffs and further subsidies are required. The AgLink-Cosimo database includes ex post world market prices for ethanol and biodiesel. This price was taken as the base value to calculate the differentiated prices in the respective countries. The import tariffs for ethanol and biodiesel were also taken from the AgLink-Cosimo database. As the consumer taxes for ethanol and biodiesel in most instances correspond to a reduced excise tax on fossil fuels the consumer taxes for gasoline and diesel were taken as a base value. This tax information was acquired from EurActiv(([[http://www.euractiv.com/en/taxation/fuel-taxation/article-117495]], 20.07.2009.)) where levels of diesel and petrol taxation in 2002 are published for European Member states. For the required time period (2002-2005) taxation levels were calculated with respect to COM(2002)410((Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive 92/81/EEC and Directive 92/82/EEC to introduce special tax arrangements for diesel fuel used for commercial purposes and to align the excise duties on petrol and diesel fuel (COM(2002)410).)) which set minimum excise tax rates for non-commercial diesel and petrol since 2006. To identify the excise tax exemptions and producer subsidies, if existent, for the single Member states the obligatory ‘Member States reports on the implementation of Directive 2003/30/EC of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport’ were consulted which are published by the Commission(([[http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/biofuels/ms_reports_dir_2003_30_en.htm]].)). Three different types of tax regulations for biofuels were identified which are applied among the different Member states: an absolute tax for biofuels, an absolute reduction of the excise tax on fossil fuels and a relative reduction of the excise tax on fossil fuels. All differentiated in taxation for blended biofuels or pure biofuels. Based on this information the different ex post prices for the period 2002-2005 were recalculated. As the envisaged biofuel demand function will be a function of (among other variables) the relation between fossil fuel consumer prices and biofuel consumer prices the acquisition of fossil fuel prices was required additionally. To hold consistency between the biofuel and fossil fuel prices the price information for fossil fuels were also taken from the AgLink-Cosimo database which provides EU market prices for diesel and petrol. For the recalculation of consumer prices in individual Member states the already collected taxation levels for fossil fuels were applied. Because there exists a significant difference between the physical energy content and the density of biodiesel, ethanol, petrol and diesel a direct comparison of prices (in €/t) is not possible. For this reason the prices as well as the taxation levels were converted into Euro per ton oil equivalent (toe).
+For a specification of processing-, biofuel supply- and demand-functions in the base year, ex post prices are required. Furthermore, given the structure of the CAPRI market module (described in Section [[Market module for agricultural outputs]] ), a differentiation of producer, consumer and import price is also needed. These differentiated prices are not covered in any statistical database for biofuels but they can be derived indirectly by given information on taxes, tariffs and subsidies from the world market price which is available. Thus beside ex post prices information on consumer (excise) taxes, import tariffs and further subsidies are required. The AgLink-Cosimo database includes ex post world market prices for ethanol and biodiesel. This price was taken as the base value to calculate the differentiated prices in the respective countries. The import tariffs for ethanol and biodiesel were also taken from the AgLink-Cosimo database. As the consumer taxes for ethanol and biodiesel in most instances correspond to a reduced excise tax on fossil fuels the consumer taxes for gasoline and diesel were taken as a base value. This tax information was acquired from EurActiv((FIXME [[http://www.euractiv.com/en/taxation/fuel-taxation/article-117495]], 20.07.2009.)) where levels of diesel and petrol taxation in 2002 are published for European Member states. For the required time period (2002-2005) taxation levels were calculated with respect to COM(2002)410((Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive 92/81/EEC and Directive 92/82/EEC to introduce special tax arrangements for diesel fuel used for commercial purposes and to align the excise duties on petrol and diesel fuel (COM(2002)410).)) which set minimum excise tax rates for non-commercial diesel and petrol since 2006. To identify the excise tax exemptions and producer subsidies, if existent, for the single Member states the obligatory ‘Member States reports on the implementation of Directive 2003/30/EC of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport’ were consulted which are published by the Commission(([[http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/biofuels/ms_reports_dir_2003_30_en.htm]].)). Three different types of tax regulations for biofuels were identified which are applied among the different Member states: an absolute tax for biofuels, an absolute reduction of the excise tax on fossil fuels and a relative reduction of the excise tax on fossil fuels. All differentiated in taxation for blended biofuels or pure biofuels. Based on this information the different ex post prices for the period 2002-2005 were recalculated. As the envisaged biofuel demand function will be a function of (among other variables) the relation between fossil fuel consumer prices and biofuel consumer prices the acquisition of fossil fuel prices was required additionally. To hold consistency between the biofuel and fossil fuel prices the price information for fossil fuels were also taken from the AgLink-Cosimo database which provides EU market prices for diesel and petrol. For the recalculation of consumer prices in individual Member states the already collected taxation levels for fossil fuels were applied. Because there exists a significant difference between the physical energy content and the density of biodiesel, ethanol, petrol and diesel a direct comparison of prices (in €/t) is not possible. For this reason the prices as well as the taxation levels were converted into Euro per ton oil equivalent (toe).
 ===Assigning data to database array===
@@ Line 437: / Line 437: @@
     * To acknowledge that the Corine Classes may be mapped to several LUCAS categories we multiplied them with the “profiles”, giving the distribution of each Corine category according to the LUCAS classes. In this case, only 26.7% of the “complexCultiv” area is mapped to annual crops, but 7.3% are mapped to “temporary pastures”, 6.4% to “permanent  grassland with sparse tree/shrub vegetation” and so forth. The transformed Corine data often give the most detailed area coverage and thus assume a role as a kind of fall back information in case that other information is missing.
   * **LEVRegio** - Eurostat regional land use data (Eurostat Table: “agr_r_landuse”, discontinued). Inspite of using the same codes as for the national data, the national totals, aggregated from the NUTS2 regions are not always in line with LEVAgriProd. Furthermore a few categories are missing (no inland waters, no other wooded land). However there are few alternative annual series available to regionalise the national data in CAPREG.
-  * **LEVFAO** - Land use data from the resource FAOSTAT domain((See [[http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html#DOWNLOAD]].)) with annual time series on agricultural land use but also some non agricultural area categories (forest, inland waters, other land, total area).
+  * **LEVFAO** - Land use data from the resource FAOSTAT domain FIXME ((See [[http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html#DOWNLOAD]].)) with annual time series on agricultural land use but also some non agricultural area categories (forest, inland waters, other land, total area).
   * **LEVLucas** – directly using the LUCAS data is an option that has been considered but not implemented in CAPRI so this code is not used at the moment.
   * **LEVLandCov** - Eurostat land cover data for 2009, 2012, 2015 at the MS level. Agricultural land is only distinguished into cropland CROP and grassland GRAS, but 5 nonagricultural areas are neatly aggregating up to the total country (Artificial ARTIF, shrubland (considered similar to “other wooded land” OWL), bare land & wetlands (mapped to “other sparcely vegetated or bare OSPA) and waters WATER.
-  * **LEVEnvio** - Eurostat land cover data from the environment section (Table “env_la_luc1”((Apparently these data are currently under revision because they are not accessible on the Eurostat website anymore since about June 2012. However they are still accessible (in July 2012) via [[http://eu22.eu/land-use.2/land-use-by-main-category/]].)), discontinued). Total area is classified into about 40 categories, but data are only given for a number of years (1950, 1970, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000) and with many gaps, in particular for the subcategories.
+  * **LEVEnvio** - Eurostat land cover data from the environment section (Table “env_la_luc1” FIXME ((Apparently these data are currently under revision because they are not accessible on the Eurostat website anymore since about June 2012. However they are still accessible (in July 2012) via [[http://eu22.eu/land-use.2/land-use-by-main-category/]].)), discontinued). Total area is classified into about 40 categories, but data are only given for a number of years (1950, 1970, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000) and with many gaps, in particular for the subcategories.
   * **LEVMcpfe** – Data from the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe C&I database for quantitative indicators. This gives validated data on the forest sector (forest land FORE, other wooded land OWL) and some non forestry data (inland waters INLW, total country area ARTO), but data were only given for 1990, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015.
   * **LEVFSS** - Eurostat farm structure survey data (Table “ef_lu_ovcropaa"). Gives a very detailed and reliable description of agricultural area use, but only for the survey years (1990, 1993, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2013). As CAPRI_regLU these data are also used in the subsequent regionalisation steps of the CAPRI data consolidation because NUTS2 data are offered. The main disadvantage for our purposes is the complete lack of nonagricultural data coverage.